2014-01-27

服務基層36年 仁醫診所猝死 診金最平35元 病人痛心願一路走好 蘋果日報

服務基層36年 仁醫診所猝死 診金最平35元 病人痛心願一路走好 蘋果日報 2014年01月26日 

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606062

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606064

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606066

曹念國醫生於診所猝死,其遺體由仵工運往醫院。梁澤岡攝

七十年代畢業於港大醫學院、過去36年扎根社區,堅持以最便宜的診金藥費服務草根市民的62歲醫生曹念國,昨晨在九龍樂善堂旺角醫務所準備開診時,突然暈倒在地上,送院搶救後不治。杏林春暖,曹醫生行醫30多年,深受街坊鄰里愛戴,對他猝然離世傷心不已。

記者:劉永明 文兆麟

不幸離世的醫生曹念國,洋名George,1977年在香港大學醫學院畢業,獲得內外全科醫學士的資格,同屆畢業的150多名同學中,不少人已在醫學界闖出名堂,包括皮膚科專科醫生史泰祖、香港眼科醫學院院長周伯展,兒科名醫陳以誠、腦科專家兼世界宣明會中國辦事處總幹事陳思堂、衞生署助理署長梁士莉等。

與他相熟的同學形容,George 為人低調,畢業後鮮有出席舊生聚會,亦未曾在醫生工會組織中出任任何公職,反而專注在新界北開設私人診所,以較便宜的診金為當地居民診症,約10多年前則轉至位於旺角上海街鎮海商業大廈三樓的九龍樂善堂陳祖澤旺角分科醫療所擔任普通科醫生,診金約35至70元,專為平民大眾服務。

街坊讚譽有加

旺角前區議員陳文佑稱,與同區私人醫務所診金收費逾200元相比,以曹醫生港大畢業資格實屬「抵到爛」,區內不少長者或居住劏房的低收入住戶經常向他求醫,街坊對他讚譽有加,若病人患上傷風感冒的小病,他會私下多開兩日藥的份量,以免病人未斷尾再要付錢覆診。就連大廈保安亦稱,不少病人盛讚曹醫生藥到病除,讚他仁心仁術。

昨晨8時45分,診所如常開門營業,曹醫生一早在醫務室內準備,但20分鐘後,診所護士拍門,發現無人應門,推開門查看,見曹醫生暈倒地上,大驚報警,送往廣華醫院搶救後證實不治。警方初步調查後認為無可疑,死因有待法醫剖屍確定。

診所門外中午貼出告示,表示曹醫生昨日起停診,病人可另行至九龍城龍崗道診所求醫,病人到場才得悉噩耗,大感心痛,願他一路走好。

半月內第二宗

九龍樂善堂發言人證實曹醫生不幸離世,讚揚他擔任駐診醫生逾10年,對病人盡責細心,現時全體同事均對他的離去深表哀惜,由於普通科門診服務只有一人出任,故需要另覓人選取代他的位置。

今次已是大半個月內第二宗醫生猝死事件,本月10日胸肺及呼吸系統科名醫潘醒華在家中心痛不適,自行往醫院求診後不治。

與曹念國同屆畢業的史泰祖醫生形容說,一個負責任的醫生,往往會是一個「最壞的病人」,不少醫生因為忙於工作,鮮有注意自己的身體,以他為例,多年來沒有進行仔細的全身檢查,同事更會以「走廊醫療」來形容醫生界,意即遇到同事互相噓寒問暖,才會由同事的觀察提醒,知道自己的身體狀況。

運動健將 港大同學惋惜

馮宜亮指曹念國年輕時是運動健將,難以相信他突然離世。資料圖片

猝死在醫務所內的曹念國醫生,與家人同住屯門,每天清晨出門搭車往旺角應診,有認識他的醫生稱,曹醫生在港大讀書時,是一名運動健將。

疑患心血管隱疾

同屆畢業同學兼波友的兒科醫生馮宜亮形容,曹醫生高約5呎9吋,擁有鋼條身形,年輕時在醫學院組隊踢足球,司職前鋒及翼衞,屬扭波了得之人,難以相信他突然離世,又指同屆同學大多年逾60歲,但只有少於一成退休,即使醫生年過六旬亦可有心有力行醫,估計曹可能身患心血管隱疾,工作壓力大引致病發猝死,對此感到惋惜

據了解,曹念國醫生入讀香港大學時,在歷史最悠久的利瑪竇男生宿舍住宿,未幾便與何東夫人紀念堂女生宿舍內一名文科女宿生譜出戀曲,兩人畢業後更加共諧連理,結為夫婦,成為宿生流傳的佳話,而電影《玻璃之城》正以該兩間宿舍為背景,講述港大發生的戀事。

樂善堂贈醫施藥133年

樂善堂陳祖澤旺角分科醫療所門外,昨張貼通告稱曹念國醫生已停診。

曹念國醫生在樂善堂陳祖澤旺角分科醫療所應診10多年,在樂善堂補貼下診金僅約35至70元,比普通私家醫生收費平三分二,深受區內長者歡迎。

辦學校及安老院

有133年歷史的九龍樂善堂,原本就以贈醫施藥起家,現時轄下至少有五間診所提供廉價的門診服務,為付不起高昂藥費的基層市民提供醫療安全網。

九龍樂善堂的前身是九龍城寨一帶的慈善貨商,他們早於清朝時期,便把市民交易時使用公秤量重時所付的金錢,全數捐出用作贈醫施藥及協助殮葬。

至1880年樂善堂成立,並陸續營辦多間幼稚園、中小學及安老院舍,近年樂善堂更加擴展服務範圍,包括幫助更多有特殊需要的兒童以及少數族裔。

曾任九龍樂善堂主席或總理的名人包括公益金前主席余錦基、前高官陳祖澤、李家仁醫生等等。

.END

44歲名醫 潘醒華猝死 - 蘋果日報

44歲名醫 潘醒華猝死 - 蘋果日報 2014年01月12日

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140112/18589198

前日因急性心肌梗塞猝死的潘醒華醫生,經常接受傳媒訪問。

曾駐東區醫院內科部,現私人執業的胸肺及呼吸系統科名醫潘醒華,前日凌晨在家中心絞痛,前往浸會醫院求診,被發現患急性心肌梗塞,院方緊急安排「通波仔」手術,但潘突然情況惡化,猝然離世,終年44歲。他上月趁聖誕節假期與家人往韓國度假時,已感胸口鬱悶不適,當時未有太在意,怎料突病發身亡,家人、好友傷心不已。記者:莫家文 梁麗兒

被稱為胸肺及呼吸系統科明日之星的潘醒華,洋名 Edwin,在英國出生,1994年於英國醫科畢業,同年取得本港註冊醫生資格,01年來港,在東區醫院內科任職,並在港獲取呼吸系統科專科醫生資格,03年沙士後開始私人執業。

急性心肌梗塞病發

潘醒華常在網站及報章撰寫有關阻塞性睡眠窒息症及戒煙的文章,成為胸肺及呼吸系統科其中一位著名醫生,經常接受傳媒訪問。他除了在醫學界闖出名堂外,投資亦有一手,名下擁有兩間公司,其中一間金泰集團由他與兩名同姓潘的股東共同持有,公司手持不少商舖及高尚住宅物業,多年來買賣交投活躍,當中不乏逾千萬元的大額交易。

與妻子育有三名兒子的潘醒華,一家五口幸福美滿,上月聖誕節假期,他攜妻兒往韓國度假,當時胸口曾鬱悶不適,但他未有太在意,返港後如常上班及工作。至上周四(9日)深夜睡覺時突感到胸口痛,由家人陪同坐的士往香港浸信會醫院求診,經心電圖檢查,證實急性心肌梗塞病發,一條主要心臟血管嚴重閉塞,院方即時安排通波仔手術,但病情持續惡化,院方急召資深醫生返院協助搶救,但潘延至前日凌晨宣告不治。

曾與潘醒華合作開設診所的外科專科醫生林哲玄形容潘醫生對病人非常細心,是一名好醫生,印象中他熱愛運動,曾與他組隊參加醫學會游泳接力賽奪冠,數日前又與對方碰面,健康並無異樣,一直不知他有心臟問題。曾與潘醒華共事的呼吸系統科專科醫生蘇潔瑩稱潘為人友善、對病人照顧有加,為人有紳士風度,對其離世表示惋惜。

妻:佢一直無大病痛

潘的妻子昨晚接受記者訪問時忍淚稱丈夫一直無大病痛,亦不用服藥,只是在韓國度假時出現胸口不適等症狀,想不到突然身故,現正辦理丈夫身後事。昨天,她在個人及丈夫 facebook網頁內換上全家福及丈夫展示手瓜的相片以表哀思,留言稱「He is our super hero(他是我們的超級英雄)」,潘的同事及友人亦紛紛留言稱:「永遠懷念你,我們的好朋友,一位好爸爸,好先生,好唔捨得你!RIP」以悼念摯友離世。

心臟科專科醫生劉柱柏表示,本港每年約有4,000至5,000人死於心肌梗塞。高血壓、高膽固醇為主要元凶,患者多在冬天病發。大部份患者為60至70歲人士,也有年輕到30至40歲人士中招。

香港醫學會會董兼心臟科專科醫生何鴻光補充說,心臟病近年已有年輕化迹象,尤其在冬季,身體新陳代謝加快,心臟病發率較其他日子高出三至五成。何醫生續指:「男人年過四十,大多是家庭支柱,又要面對職場壓力,尤其是當醫生,面對壓力更大,好易出事。」

.END

2014-01-26

仁醫猝逝 - 東方日報

62歲仁醫 旺角診症室猝逝 - 東方日報 2014年01月26日

獲病人盛讚的普通科仁醫曹念國,昨晨在旺角的診所應診前,在診症室突然暈倒陷入昏迷,面色蒼白,護士發現後立即報警求助,診所另一名醫生連同護士搶救良久無效,曹由救護車送院搶救後證實不治。曹的病人獲悉死訊感惋惜,更指「損失一個好醫生」。

猝死的註冊西醫曹念國(六十二歲),洋名George,在一九七七年取得香港大學內外全科醫學士的資格,可提供醫療程序及手術,他生前在旺角上海街六八八號鎮海商業大廈三樓的樂善堂陳祖澤旺角分科醫療所,任主診西醫。據悉,曹身材高大瘦削,為人禮貌客氣。消息稱,昨晨七時許,他如常返回診所準備工作,其後曾有外賣員上門送早餐,當時曹未有任何異樣。至昨晨九時許,診所的護士逐一返回開工,當時已有病人輪候,但曹未開始診症。姓郭(廿二歲)護士遂拍打診症室門呼叫曹,惟不獲回應,她心感不妙,立即推門而入,赫見曹在房間內暈倒,全無反應,大驚下即時報警,並向診所另一醫生求助。

病人眼濕濕 讚醫術高明

有病人在診所目擊情況,指事發時診所的醫生及護士合力搶救,但曹並無甦醒。救護員其後趕至現場為曹急救後,再將他送往廣華醫院搶救,惜證實不治。死者家人隨後趕抵醫院驚聞噩耗,傷心欲絕。據悉死者過去並無大病紀錄,死因有待剖屍驗證。

診所事後貼出通告,通知病人「主診西醫曹念國醫生停診」的消息,不少病人到達診所後「摸門釘」。他們獲知曹離世的消息後,均感愕然,難以接受事實,不斷追問「真係o架?」患感冒的劉先生稱讚曹醫術高明,為人友善,對其離世深感惋惜,「我尋日先睇完佢,仲好精靈!佢人好好,真係損失一個好醫生。」八旬的曾婆婆聞悉亦眼濕濕,指「天妒英才,希望佢一路好走,喺上面開開心心。」




瞓得好可防患前列腺癌 - 太陽報 2014年01月26日

研究顯示維持生理時鐘的褪黑素賀爾蒙濃度高低,會影響患前列腺癌風險。

睡眠質素對健康十分重要,美國哈佛大學一項研究發現,人類在睡眠過程中體內分泌的「褪黑素」,可減低患前列腺癌的風險,而睡眠時間較多的男士患癌機率,比經常熬夜者少七成五。

哈佛大學公共衞生學院花七年時間跟進了九百二十八名冰島男性睡眠習慣及其健康檢查記錄,包括抽取尿液樣本,化驗當中褪黑素的濃度。最後有一百一十一人確診患前列腺癌,其中二十四人病情已屆晚期。研究顯示,尿中褪黑素含量較高的男士,其患前列腺癌的風險,比含量低者少七成五。

研究人員指,經常難以入睡及需安眠藥協助的受訪男性,其褪黑素含量較低,並據此推斷褪黑素是維持「生理時鐘」最重要的黎波里,一旦褪黑素分泌失調,連帶其他賀爾蒙分泌亦受影響,可能會增加患癌風險。



快樂長者健康敏捷 - 太陽報 2014年01月26日

研究發現,快樂長者身體機能退化速度較慢,走步路都快過人。

笑多啲,人都健康啲!英國有研究發現,長者若經常保持心境愉快,他們的身體機能退化速度較不開心的長者慢,走路也較靈活。研究又發現,快樂長者的自理能力亦較佳,較少遇到日常生活如穿衣、洗澡或下床等活動困難。負責研究的專家指,多教老人家保持心境開朗可減少病痛,對整個社會的醫療系統也有益處。

位於英國的倫敦大學找來三千一百九十九名年齡六十歲或以上的男女長者,花八年時間了解他們的情緒及身體狀況,用以分析兩者關係。研究人員將受訪長者按年齡分成六十至六十九歲、七十至七十九歲及八十歲以上三組,並逐個進行單獨訪問,了解他們在日常生活,例如自行下床、穿衣或淋浴時,有否感到行動不便,活動不自如。研究人員又利用跑步儀器,量度及紀錄受訪者的步行速度。

結果發現,快樂老人以六十至六十九歲群組佔多,他們通常已婚、仍在工作,而且在社會的經濟地位及教育水平均較高,他們的活動能力較高,行路都較快。

不過,不快樂的老人每日行動不便的機會相較於快樂老人高出三倍,而罹患心臟病、糖尿病、關節炎等長期病患的長者大多明顯均受「患病之苦」而影響情緒,他們的生活質素以及心理狀況都較差。有關研究已經刊登在《加拿大醫學會期刊》。

減輕醫療負擔

負責研究的專家指,早前亦有不同研究指出享受生活的長者都更長壽,平均可生存多八年,是次研究則提供更多證據,證明個人生活態度足以影響日後活動能力,如鼓勵更多長者保持心境開朗,日後或可減少社會的醫療負擔。

.END

服務基層36年 仁醫診所猝死 診金最平35元 病人痛心願一路走好 蘋果日報

服務基層36年 仁醫診所猝死 診金最平35元 病人痛心願一路走好 蘋果日報

服務基層36年 仁醫診所猝死 診金最平35元 病人痛心願一路走好 蘋果日報 2014年01月26日 

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606062

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606064

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140126/18606066

.END

2014-01-25

身後的大禮 - RTHK

RTHK 黃金歲月 第九集 【身後的大禮】2013-03-03

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHGSBhkTQUA

Published on Mar 11, 2013

當大家為喪葬禮儀與花費而傷盡腦筋丶感情和荷包的時候,又或站在因骨灰龕選址而充滿爭­拗的社會議題前,可曾想像可以化無用為有用?可曾想過將遺體捐贈給醫學院?

來到醫學院解剖台上的遺體,被尊稱為大體老師或無言老師,遺體捐贈,對醫學發展非常重­要,可以供醫學生學習解剖丶供醫生驗證新發明手術,又或製成標本作醫療教材。香港大學­解剖學系踏入100周年,其遺體捐贈計劃亦已經有近40年歷史,至今大概有700名已­登記的志願捐贈者,平均每年只收到1至兩個捐贈的遺體,教學用的其餘遺體,皆為無人認­領者。

陳立基是解剖學系教授,他覺得大家看慣外面花花世界的繽紛,但他很想引領學生向內深觀­人體構造的精準,那是個令人驚訝的完美組合,教人對生命肅然起敬。他很喜歡教解剖學,­決定以身作則成為捐贈者,將來去世後會捐出遺體,在解剖桌上,"親身"為學生們上完最­後亦是最深入的一堂解剖課,這場"身教",帶著雙重意義。

衍陽法師一生受過很多病苦,中風丶肝癌丶短暫失明,還有大大小小的多次意外,治療過程­受盡苦頭,她希望捐贈遺體,給醫學生實習,減少其他人受苦,她向大眾說出這個決定後,­感染到更多人加入捐贈。

鄧渭然街童出身,白手興家,賺過家財無數,又因被騙而財富一夜蒸發,離婚期間人生落入­谷底,幾乎自殺。人生歷經完風高浪急,在拿到長者咭的2012年,在女兒見證下,簽署­捐贈遺體同意書。他覺得遺體可以物盡其用,是對環保和資源永續的終極支持,他留給兒女­的,不是靈位和繁文褥節,而是美好回憶,而他關愛的,不獨是自己兒女,而是大眾的後代­。

年紀老大,死亡,是必想課題,身後其實可以為後代送出一份大禮,以另類方式將生命延續­。幾位捐贈者,奉獻出身後所有,從太平間走到天國之路,要不枉此生丶不枉此身。

.END

無言老師 - 蘋果日報

紀念牆向捐遺體者致敬 全港首設 感謝捨身供醫學界研習 - 蘋果日報 2013年05月11日

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130511/18256269

將軍澳墳場的無言老師紀念角,設有兩幅紀念牆及一條紀念碑柱。

將軍澳墳場設立全港首個向「無言老師」致敬的紀念牆,他們毫不忌諱捐出自己的遺體,供醫學院學生學習,供教授研究,為本港醫學界培育及研究默默地貢獻,因為他們,本港的醫學技術和病理研究才得以繼續發展,很多傷病者得救。紀念牆將於本月20日啟用。

記者:呂焯均

台灣對捐出遺體作醫科教學用途的人士尊稱為「大體老師」,本港則稱「無言老師」,尊敬他們「不言之教,無言感激」。政府轄下的華人永遠墳場管理委員會與中文大學合作,提供本港首個無言老師撒放骨灰和紀念計劃。委員會管理的將軍澳墳場現有的紀念花園,是開放公眾人士撒放先人骨灰。委員會在紀念花園加建一個無言老師紀念角,包括設置兩幅有60個碑位的紀念牆,以及一條紀念碑柱。

按遺願火化 撒紀念花園

日後中大的「無言老師」當義務工作完成後,中大會按其生前意願,以火化形式安葬,骨灰會在將軍澳墳場紀念花園撒放,並在紀念牆上的碑位刻名,或放置相片以作紀念,讓香港社會可永遠頌揚這些為港人無私貢獻的人士。

中大醫學院早前舉辦捐贈遺體活動,已有890名市民登記,願意死後捐出遺體。中大會以遺體作為「無言老師」,協助改良醫療技術及病理研究。已登記捐贈的市民中,有149人已表明「退休」後欲採取撒灰安葬方式。

中大醫學院為了表達對「無言老師」的尊敬和感謝,解剖課前會舉辦一個莊嚴的靜默追思儀式,直至所有解剖課完結,學生會在心意卡上寫下謝意,日後放入棺木隨遺體火化。

紀念牆將於本月20日啟用,今日起至下周二在香港會展5BC場館舉行的香港長者博覽2013,華永會已設置攤位介紹「無言老師」紀念牆計劃。

.END

Jagular vein selfie





Jagular vein selfie

.END





有氧運動 腦力運動 有助增強中老年人記憶力 延緩大腦衰老 - 得克薩斯大學

有氧運動有助增強中老年人記憶力 延緩大腦衰老

http://www.chinareviewnews.com   2013-11-14 10:54:12

  中評社香港11月14日電/對於中老年人來說,體育鍛煉不僅有益於保持良好體質,而且有健腦功效。美國的一項新研究表明,有氧運動有助於增強中老年人的記憶力和其他認知能力,延緩他們的大腦衰老。

  美國得克薩斯大學的研究人員12日在學術期刊《衰老神經科學前沿》上報告說,他們招募了37名57歲至75歲之間、不喜歡運動的志願者進行研究。這些人被分成兩組,其中一組在監督下每周進行3次、每次1小時的有氧運動——騎單車或跑步,為期共12周,另一組作為對照。

  研究人員對比發現,參加有氧運動組的志願者,其大腦中與記憶功能相關的前扣帶皮層、與早老性痴呆症相關的海馬區等特定區域血流量增加,並且他們在相關體檢及認知檢測中也表現更好。大腦成像技術表明,這些志願者大腦特定區域血流量的變化發生在記憶改善之前,說明大腦血流量是衡量大腦健康水平的敏感指標。

  該報告的第一作者桑德拉.查普曼表示,隨著年齡增加,人的認知能力和記憶力會下降,而這項研究表明,有氧運動對改善人們的記憶能力與體質都有好處。 

  此外,該科研團隊的另一項研究表明,與有氧運動增加大腦局部區域的血流量相比,腦力運動可增加大腦所有區域的血流量因此要獲得最大的健康收益,不但應進行有氧運動,同時也不能忽略從事一些益智活動。 

(來源:新華網)



有氧运动的好处 延缓衰老的有效处方 - 2013-11-06 11:38 健康网

  随着年龄的增长,身体的生理机能由旺盛期开始走下坡路,头发变白,肌肉萎缩,关节不灵活,皮肤松弛……这些衰老表现虽然是自然生理现象,不可避免,但我们总是可以让衰老的脚步放慢些,再慢些。体育锻炼就是延缓衰老的重要手段之一。

  在寒冷的冬季如何锻炼,做哪些运动更健康,要注意些什么细节?近日,记者采访了健身专家、教授、健身爱好者及教练,请他们谈谈延缓衰老的建议。

  运动就像化妆品

  37岁的周洁,看起来只有27岁。少女时代的田径、体操运动,坚持多年的晨跑,最热衷的健身操,在家里或是办公室总也不忘的伸展运动和工间操……运动成了她年龄不详的魔法石。“运动就像是一支适合我肤色的口红,是我每天必带的化妆品,健康又自然。”说起自己的健身经历,她颇有心得。

  能够坚持长年不懈的锻炼,周洁说自己是有技巧的:“不要一会儿想赶时髦做瑜珈,一会又去练剑道,要从坚持一项自己最感兴趣的、最简单的运动开始。一路下来,运动的个中滋味自然会让你难以舍弃。”

  现在的周洁看起来容光焕发,在同龄人当中倍显年轻。“运动延缓衰老是有科学依据的。”温州大学体育学院运动生理学教授张国海说,原因之一就是它能使体内各器官功能保持相对年轻,坚持运动的中老年人的心肺功能可能比他们的实际年龄要年轻20-30岁。此外,运动还可以促进人体内新陈代谢,提高人的免疫功能,使人开朗愉快,有助于心理上推迟衰老等。

  抗衰运动小贴士:

  冬季锻炼热身很重要,要做好有针对性的充分的热身活动。比如跳绳这个运动容易损伤人的关节,所以肩、肘、膝、踝等关节一定要活动到位。

  冬季晨炼要注意保暖,不宜在树丛中锻炼,因为没有阳光照射,树木本身的呼吸作用会产生大量的二氧化碳,时间长会出现头晕、身体不适的感觉。

  运动的强度不宜过大。尤其是老年人的运动强度一般控制在中低等之间,即运动强度(运动时心率)=170-年龄。

  运动是一个系统,每周至少不能低于3次,每次时间保持在30-60分钟为宜

  温和运动受青睐

  冬季气候寒冷,人体新陈代谢功能有所减弱,是多种疾病的高发期。在这种情况下,运动更不容忽视。

  温和运动近年来受到越来越多健身爱好者的青睐。低强度、低能量消耗的运动模式也更让大众可以坚持下来。每周消耗2000千卡热量的体育锻炼,相当于打2至3小时的乒乓球。每个人每天都能累积相当于半小时温和运动的活动量,如下公共汽车后快走15分钟回家,再做20分钟的其他体力活动就够了。

  “所谓的温和运动实质上就是以有氧运动为基础的。”张国海教授说,长期坚持有氧运动,一方面能增加体内血红蛋白的数量,提高机体抵抗力,延缓衰老,其次也能增强大脑皮层的工作效率和心肺功能,降低心脑血管疾病的发病率。

  东方健身高级私人教练杨晓天也认为,从大众健身角度来讲,冬天一般最好选择有氧运动。无氧运动是肌肉在“缺氧”的状态下高速剧烈运动,比如举重、跳高、跳远等,并不适合中老年人。针对不同的人群,他给出了不同的建议:年轻人可以选择跑步等稍高强度的有氧运动,锻炼时间应该比春夏季多出10~15分钟,以40分钟左右为宜。中老年人可选择快走、慢跑、爬楼梯等低强度的有氧运动,运动时间不应少于30分钟。

  纠正冬季锻炼误区

  适量的运动是延缓衰老的第一步。习惯了晨练的老年人即使在严寒的冬季依然起得很早去锻炼身体,但是需要注意冬季不同于其他季节。

  “冬季晨练宜迟不宜早,不科学的运动不仅不能达到预期的效果,反而适得其反,给老年人的健康带来危害。”张国海教授说。

  科学研究表明:冬季老年人太早做运动并不适宜。早上刚醒来,人体的机能状况并没有完全调动起来,从室内到室外,温度骤然降低,会使皮肤和肌肉立即收缩,关节和韧带僵硬,体内代谢放缓。在这种情况下,若立即开始锻炼,有可能造成肌肉拉伤或关节损伤。清晨又是老年人心血管、脑血管等疾病的高发期。建议喜爱冬季锻炼的朋友最好选择在上午9时至11时或下午。

  采访中,张国海教授强调:运动时要注意以渐进方式增加运动量及难度,不可操之过急。他说,经常听闻职业或业余运动员受伤或猝死,很多都是运动过度的结果。剧烈运动容易造成换气过度,增加耗氧量,使体内的自由基剧增,不但不能延缓衰老,反而会加剧老化。对于大众健身来讲,最好的运动首先是要到医院做个检查,监测有没有身体相关的疾病,其次是做一个体质测试,了解自己的身体素质状况,最后才是展开适时适度的运动。

.END

2014-01-19

渣馬跑手今起減訓練量 賽前三日多吃飯麵儲糖份 - 蘋果日報 2013


渣馬跑手今起減訓練量 賽前三日多吃飯麵儲糖份 - 蘋果日報 2013年02月17日

■ 高威林(中)表示,今年賽事沿途會設35個支援站,為跑手提供飲用水。黃偉傑攝

渣打香港馬拉松下周日舉行,今屆參賽人數突破72,000人,賽會將增加數百名工作人員,又會向跑手供應更多香蕉、梨和飲用水。運動專家提醒參賽者,現在已需要開始減輕訓練量,賽前3日起多吃飯、麵儲備充足糖份,如比賽當日天氣炎熱應穿背心,以免阻礙散熱

記者︰周燕芬

渣馬參賽者昨陸續領取號碼布等物資,賽事籌備委員會主席高威林表示,今年大會沿途設置35個支援站,提供飲用水、救護人員及流動廁所,亦會增加人手及物資供應,「參賽者多幾千人,每人飲三支水,都要增加成萬支水」。

唔使着緊身拉筋褲

高威林又指出,賽事已獲國際田徑聯合會認可為銀級道路賽事,今年大會邀請44個亞洲精英選手來港作賽,同場並舉行第14屆亞洲馬拉松錦標賽,他希望選手爭取到更好成績,令明年賽事可升級至金級賽事。

今年大會續設3公里輪椅賽事,由灣仔運動場出發,同時亦有半馬拉松輪椅比賽,但至今只有數人參賽。賽會指去年有些較快的輪椅參賽者,於最後兩公里已在其他運動員中間穿插,比較危險,今年續於轉彎位設防撞設施,提醒較快的輪椅參賽者近終點時要小心,以免與其他組別運動員相撞。

香港業餘田徑總會主席關祺稱,參賽者要有足夠休息,生病不要勉強出賽,並應按照訓練程序去跑,不要中途改變目標,加快跑速。

浸會大學體育學系副教授雷雄德說,

餘下一周要將訓練量減至三分之一,

賽前48小時更要盡量休息,最多只可緩步跑1、2公里,並要多做拉筋動作

「本周中起要食多啲碳水化合物,等肌肉、肝臟儲多啲糖份喺比賽時用」。

他指如溫度高,參賽者應穿背心及盡量短的褲,讓更多肌肉接觸空氣以助散熱,「唔使着緊身拉筋褲」,

比賽時不要一次過飲太多水,每個水站飲小量最好。他又呼籲參賽者要拍照留念應移步往賽道旁邊,免阻礙後來者。

渣馬跑手注意事項

1.賽前一周將訓練量減至平常三分之一

2.賽前72小時多吃碳水化合物,令身體儲備充足糖份

3.賽前48小時最多只可緩步跑2公里,多做拉筋動作

4.賽前必須有6至8小時睡眠

資料來源:浸大體育學系副教授雷雄德

.END

2014-01-16

Silent Teacher Body Donation Programme - CUHK


CUHK Faculty of Medicine Held its First ‘Silent Teachers’ Ash Scattering Ceremony to Pay Homage to Selfless Body Donors - 30 November 2013

http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/en/press_detail.php?id=1701

With the generous support of The Board of Management of The Chinese Permanent Cemeteries (BMCPC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) established a memorial wall dedicated to ‘Silent Teachers’ at the Garden of Remembrance in Junk Bay Chinese Permanent Cemetery in May 2013.  The first ash scattering ceremony was held today (30 November) to pay homage to three selfless donors who have accomplished their missions of educating medical students.  Prof. CHAN Sun-On, Assistant Dean, Faculty of Medicine, CUHK, and Ms Brenda Lo, Executive Director of BMCPC, officiated at the ceremony. The family members of the three donors were accompanied by CUHK medical students to scatter the ashes as a final farewell.  

CUHK launched the ‘Silent Teachers’ body donation programme in 2011 to encourage the public to donate their remains after death for medical education and training. 

In addition to giving students precious medical training opportunities, the body donors also help them understand the importance of morals in medical practice.  CUHK hopes to instill the concepts of ‘respect’, ‘human value’ and ‘social responsibility’ among students when they interact with patients and patients’ families.  Through sharing before lesson, silent remembrance, presenting thank you cards and the like, the medical students will learn to appreciate the selflessness of the silent teachers.

The body donation program has received vigorous supports from the public since its launch.  The number of bodies received increased from two to three per year to more than 50 in the first ten months of 2013; whereas the registration of body donors also grew exponentially from about ten per year to some 2,800 in the first ten months of 2013.  The Faculty of Medicine of CUHK was deeply grateful to all the donors.

Ms Brenda LO said, ‘BMCPC has been actively supporting various charitable affairs, realizing the spirit of "to take from the society, and so to give back to the society". We appreciate the objectives of the "Silent Teacher" body donation programme and are glad to support them in midst of our centennial anniversary. We wish to provide the body donors with a beautiful environment to rest and to show our respect and thankfulness to them.’

Professor CHAN Sun-On expressed his sincere thanks to the generous support of BMCPC and quoted the remark of a body donor ‘You can make dozens of wrong cuts on my body, but not one on your patients’, which points out the profound contributions of body donors in medical education.  He continued, ‘We are pleased to see the rising number of enrollment in the programme which reflects the increasing public acceptance of body donation.  The success of this programme relies on the support from many organizations in society.  We would like to take this opportunity to express our whole-hearted gratitude to them.’

In view of the enthusiastic response and the trend of increasing registrants at younger ages, the Faculty of Medicine of CUHK launched an online registration service on the Thanksgiving Day (28 November). CUHK encourages the elders to communicate with the younger generation about donating bodies.  For more information about the ‘Silent Teacher’ body donation programme, please visit the website: www.sbs.cuhk.edu.hk/bd/

.END

Thyroid selfie - Transverse, segittal up, mid, low, PS smart fix 60%










Thyroid selfie - Transverse up, mid, low; Segittal up, mid, low.

Photoshop manual smart fix 60%.

.END

備戰馬拉松 賽前4天 狂食補肌醣 - 蘋果日報


備戰馬拉松 賽前4天 狂食補肌醣 - 蘋果日報 2014年01月16日 星期四

■潘仕寶表示,麵包、牛奶、水果及白飯都含有碳水化合物,適合跑手進食。李忠浩攝

【備戰馬拉松】

跑手希望提升比賽表現,飲食配合不可缺少。註冊營養師潘仕寶表示,「半馬」及「全馬」跑手在賽前一至四天,可利用高碳水化合物餐單,以「醣原負荷法」增加肌醣的儲存,提升體力應付高強度的比賽。比賽當日早餐也很重要,跑手切忌空肚上陣。

記者:梁麗兒

醣原為運動時主要能源,儲存在肌肉及肝臟內,增加儲存有助提高運動能力。方法為跑手在賽前一至四日,每日每公斤體重要攝取7至10克碳水化合物。體重65公斤人士為例,每日要攝取455至650克碳水化合物。一碗白飯有50克碳水化合物,每日要攝取足夠份量,但不一定要吃10碗飯。

10K跑手記得食早餐

潘仕寶建議,跑手毋須餐餐食大碗飯,例如一片方包、一個奇異果或半隻香蕉已各有10克碳水化合物。飲一杯脫脂奶,或吃一杯150毫升原味低脂乳酪,也可吸收12克碳水化合物,跑程超過90分鐘,如半馬及全馬跑手可按體重自行計算所需攝取的碳水化合物量。

因10公里賽程較短,跑手正常進食便足夠,但她指出,因比賽當日10公里很早開跑,往往忽略或隨便食早餐,「早餐食得唔好,會唔夠energy跑步,唔食早餐,會好快用晒肌肉嘅醣原」。跑手可選吃低纖維又容易消化的食物,如比賽當日,因太早無法吃到一份三文治,可轉吃能量棒取代;賽後可如常飲食。

跑手定時補充水份可預防脫水,如跑前四小時飲250至500毫升,即約一至兩杯水。比賽期間每15分鐘補充150至250毫升,即約半杯至一杯水。運動後需磅重以評估流失水份,如輕了0.5公斤便飲750毫升即三杯水。不少人愛飲用含電解質的飲料,她指出,長時間進行強度高、具耐力的運動才需要飲用,一般慢跑人士毋須飲電解質飲品,以免增加肥胖風險

臨近農曆新年,她提醒跑手在大節日期間小心飲食,避免進食年糕、煎堆、「角仔」等高脂食物,「身材越苗條跑得越快、肚腩越細跑得越輕」,如節日過量進食導致增磅,隨時影響比賽表現。

訓練量減五成 多鍛煉肌肉 ■註冊物理治療師黃瑞奇

【降低風險】

跑手在賽前一周,應停止地獄式鍛煉,改以比較輕鬆的方法進行練習,減少勞損及受傷風險,以應付即將舉行的比賽。註冊物理治療師黃瑞奇表示,賽前一周的訓練量,應只是平日的三至五成,並調節生理時鐘,培養早睡早起習慣,嘗試在清晨跑步,模擬比賽情況

他指,賽前一周可用放鬆方法練跑,減低訓練量,不但可減少受傷及勞損風險,還可讓肌肉自然調整,儲存足夠醣原備戰。如果習慣在練跑時一口氣跑10公里的跑手,可縮減至每次只跑5公里;或分兩次跑、每次跑3公里。訓練強度及次數則不受影響。另要到馬路及斜路練跑,模擬比賽時的路段情況。另外,賽前也要多做肌肉鍛煉,包括訓練大小腿及腰背肌肉。

若「撞牆」應緩步跑

他提醒跑手比賽期間若有「撞牆」反應,即肌肉醣原已耗盡,身體準備燃燒脂肪之際,會有歇力、「攰到郁唔到」的情況,應減慢步頻,如以緩步跑的速度調適,但切勿停止或轉為走路,否則會影響之後的起步及表現。

過往曾接獲一名40多歲男跑手求診,他有數次馬拉松比賽經驗,但一直誤解跑步後感疼痛為正常現象,反加強操練。他去年跑畢全馬比賽後,左腳的腳跟出現疲勞性骨折要做手術。另有一名30多歲男子,平日較少運動,是馬拉松新手,賽前每周只跑一次,去年完成比賽後,大腿肌肉痛到無法行樓梯,症狀持續兩至三日,求診後證實大腿肌肉受傷及發炎,要接受物理治療。

黃瑞奇表示,診所每年都會接獲約30宗跑渣打馬拉松受傷求診個案,多數為跑步新手,常見為膝痛、腰背痛及腳痛,主要與肌肉力量不足及肌肉過勞有關,故提醒跑手要量力而為,慎防狂操或狂跑致受傷。
《蘋果》記者

賽前肌肉訓練示範

臀部肌肉

左腳屈膝,右腳提起,升起臀部至感到收緊;維持10秒後放鬆。

髖部肌肉

提起左腳呈90度角,保持10秒;換右腳再做;加快速度,原地跑10秒。

腿部肌肉

右腳向後屈起,趷起左腳,腳尖掂地,感小腿用力,維持10秒;左腳放平,然後左膝微曲,右腳仍然屈起,感大腿用力,保持10秒。

.END

2014-01-15

Thyroid cartilage learning notes



















Thyroid cartlage learning notes

.EBD

Hongkong policy address 2014








































Hongkong policy address 2014

.END

Thyroid ultrasound learning notes


Use of sonography for airway assessment: an observational study- Singh M, Chin KJ, Chan VW, Wong DT, Prasad GA, Yu E.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040778

J Ultrasound Med. 2010 Jan;29(1):79-85. US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health

PMID: 20040778 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full text

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of sonography in identifying the anatomic structures of the upper airway and to describe their appearance on sonography.

METHODS:

We enrolled 24 healthy volunteers, placed them supine with their head extended and neck flexed (the "sniffing" position), and performed a systematic sonographic examination of their upper airway from the floor of the mouth to the suprasternal notch.

RESULTS:

We were able to visualize all relevant anatomic structures in all of the participants using either a linear or curved transducer oriented in 1 of 3 planes: sagittal, parasagittal, and transverse.

Bony structures (eg, the mandible and hyoid) were brightly hyperechoic with an underlying hypoechoic acoustic shadow. Cartilaginous structures (eg, the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and tracheal rings) were hypoechoic, and their intraluminal surface was outlined by a bright air-mucosa interface. The vocal cords were readily visualized through the thyroid cartilage.

However, the posterior pharynx, posterior commissure, and posterior wall of the trachea could not be visualized because of artifacts created by an intraluminal air column.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sonography of the upper airway is capable of providing detailed anatomic information and has numerous potential clinical applications.

.END

腳掌落地 快跑慳力 - 楊世模


腳掌落地 快跑慳力 - 蘋果日報 2014年01月15日

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140115/18593370

備戰馬拉松

渣馬賽事逼近,跑手們都爭取時間練跑,但「喪跑式」只顧衝時間,忽略姿勢,未必能做出好成績。

專家教路,跑步時雙手應保持向前擺動,但幅度不能超出身體的中軸,若擺手幅度過大,變成左右搖擺,只會浪費力氣,無助向前移

身體重心可微向前傾,跨步向前,落地時前腳稍微回拉,有助腳前掌先着地,是較高效率的跑步姿勢

記者:嚴敏慧 鍾麗霞

當體能及體形等條件相近時,為何總有人跑得更快、更遠?關鍵很多時在於跑姿。

本身是香港業餘田徑總會首席副主席的理工大學康復治療科學系副教授楊世模表示,人體受地心吸力影響,故不能像汽車般,踩踏油門後不斷向前走,如要跑得最有效益,就要用最省力及輕鬆,又能跑得快的方法,重點是雙腳必須交替順暢,身體不能出現左右搖擺及上下跳躍動作,以免浪費體力,故跑手練習正確跑姿很重要。

手臂應呈90度 忌擺幅大

楊世模表示,以上肢為例,跑手最常見的錯誤是擺手幅度過大,部份人會手部變成左右搖擺,若在正面望去,會見到手肘,即屬不正確姿勢。

他指,擺手時,手及肩膀要放鬆手臂應呈90度角,向前擺動不應超過身軀中軸,向後擺則至腰際,否則浪費氣力之餘,更增加阻力若腳部着地時,動作有向上升、向上彈的傾向亦不正確,這樣是無助身體向前移動。

不少人疑惑跑步時應腳踭或腳前掌先落地。

楊世模指出,腳踭或腳前掌先落地,是取決於跑手的重心。他舉例,跑步時若能保持身體重心略傾前,可幫助不斷向前之餘,腳前掌也會自然先落地,是較理想的跑姿

但當跑得累了,重心會自然移向後,這時便會變成腳踭先落地,

故建議跑手當腳部落地前,如能稍微回拉,類似「趴」的動作,重心可自然向前,令腳前掌保持先落地。不過,此動作講求上肢力量,如未有特別鍛煉,很難維持長時間。

跑手如何才能檢視自己的跑姿是否有效率?他說,最好的方法是請親友在旁側拍,透過相片或影片慢鏡播放,檢視自己的跑姿,查看有否需要修正的地方。

此外,練跑時亦應選擇不同場地,跑街、跑斜路、跑運動場,讓不同肌肉群活動,亦有助提升成績

.END

Ri Pi Robot

Rex: The Brain For Robots by Alphalem

http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/alphalem/rex-the-brain-for-robots


2013: A year when technology came out on top

http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-news/a-year-when-technology-came-out-on-top/58868/


科学园第三期

sp3.hkstp.org

http://www.hkstp.org/zh-CN/Homepage.aspx


startupbeat - hkejm

http://startupbeat.hkej.com/


36氪 

36Kr.com


.END

2014-01-14

備戰馬拉松 過度操練 周身傷 - 蘋果日報


備戰馬拉松 過度操練 周身傷 - 蘋果日報 2014年01月14日

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140114/18591666

跑手們在比賽臨近時毫無章法地拚命練跑,未必能提升成績,隨時增受傷風險,連專業跑手也不例外。

本港馬拉松賽事一姐周子雁,過去六年專注練習跑步,令全馬成績快了近一小時,但過度操練的代價卻換來「周身傷」,令她未必能應付下月舉行的渣馬比賽。

記者:梁麗兒 鍾麗霞

進行適當的伸展及肌力訓練是備戰馬拉松的必殺技,因傷已停止了三個月跑步訓練的周子雁也是近年才明白這個道理,「近年先做番伸展同肌力訓練,以前覺得hold住唔郁做伸展,浪費咗30秒時間,𠵱家寧願跑少30分鐘,用嚟做伸展運動」。

她過往日日操練,曾一星期跑足200公里,在長期過度操練下,兩年前開始受痛症困擾,筋腱及腳中掌患上炎症連腰背也痛現時只做肌力訓練如健身及游水,每日並做30分鐘伸展運動。

適當訓練「儲里數」

她提醒跑手不要「一放工就落街練跑」適量肌力訓練可提升運動表現,例如腹背肌力不足可致跑姿出錯,常見「寒背」跑步可阻礙身體發力腿部肌力不足,包括大腿的四頭肌、後腿大肌等,可致提不起腳跑步,運動前後缺乏伸展也增加受傷風險。

練跑的心理質素也很重要,「返工俾老闆鬧完,個人好煩躁,放工走去跑步,唔一定會跑得好」。跑步或可作壓力宣洩,但心情欠佳未必有助練跑。她說,長跑新手宜循序漸進,學懂先聆聽自己身體,出現腳痛勞損便要暫停,不要勉強「死衝」。

她建議,平日跑步應訓練「儲里數」,不宜只顧鬥快跑,要鍛煉耐力。10公里賽事為例,每日跑2公里,賽前一個月起,逐漸增加至每日跑6公里。同時每周抽一日做長跑課,即要跑10公里;半馬或全馬訓練模式相同。

周子雁曾任教中學體育科,其後放棄教學工作,成為全職運動員,六年間參加了15次馬拉松比賽,由最初3小時40分完成,縮短至只需2小時48分,足足跑快了近1小時。原計劃今年也參加渣馬的全馬賽事,但因受傷或要改跑半馬甚至放棄參賽。但她表示,並沒有放棄最終目標,即參加2016年奧運馬拉松賽事,為港爭光。

過度練跑警號

‧下肢肌肉或關節持續疼痛,甚至超過一周

‧身體疲累至覺得「唔願跑」

‧早上起床時心跳率越來越快

‧練跑後沒有精神振奮或提神的感覺

資料來源:賀鶴鳴醫生

.END

Thyroid isthmus selfie































Thyroid isthmus selfie
.END




Thyroid isthmus images all in one









































Thyroid isthmus images all in one

.END

Thyroid isthmus selfie raw














Thyroid isthmus selfie raw

.END

Thyroid isthmus selfie notes






















Thyroid isthmus notes

.END

2014-01-13

Thyroid ultrasound orientation cheat sheet


























Thyroid scan orientation cheat sheet.

.END

Android vs Windows - By Steve Ranger


Android vs Windows: Now the battle for the desktop really begins - 
By Steve Ranger January 12, 2014

http://www.zdnet.com/android-vs-windows-now-the-battle-for-the-desktop-really-begins-7000025027/

Summary: ZDNet's Monday Morning Opener: Android is really beginning to challenge Windows on the desktop - but this war will be long and drawn out and the conclusion far from certain.

In an alternate universe, last week's CES was overflowing with Windows RT devices (and probably featured a keynote by a new Microsoft chief executive).

Alas, for Microsoft at least, in this universe, at CES it was the year Android desktops began to gain momentum — shaping up to be the first genuine threat to Windows' dominance of the desktop.

PC sales have been in decline for a number of years thanks to the rise of tablets and smartphones, most of which run Android.

How tech's giants lost the tablet and smartphone war, even if they don't know it yet

Next year (maybe even this year) more tablets will ship than PCs (325 million versus 268 million, according to Gartner) and smartphones will continue to dwarf both  — nearly two billion during 2014. And some 1.1 billion of those devices will be running Android, compared to 360 million Windows devices.

So it's no surprise that PC makers, desperately searching for new ways to generate sales (Charles Arthur at The Guardian has done some nice work on the current pressure on PC vendor revenues) are  experimenting with Android.

Microsoft, thanks to Windows Phone, Surface and the soon-to-be-completed acquisition of Nokia's hardware arm, is now a rival as much as an ally to the PC makers, a fact which has no doubt made them more willing to experiment with new operating systems than previously.

As ZDNet's Larry Dignan points out, Android could break through on the desktop as it has on mobile if the cost is right and security improves. There are plenty of hurdles in the way of Android becoming a real threat to Windows on the desktop, but it's still a headache for Microsoft. If people don't buy Windows, they probably won't buy Office either, and they're less likely to buy into the whole ecosystem from Windows Phone to Azure.

And the desktop is Windows' redoubt: that Android dares to advance upon it is reflection of how the battle of the tech ecosystems has gone so far.

Right now you might argue there is not a huge demand for Android on the desktop — but how deep is consumer loyalty to Windows anymore?

Consumers don't buy a PC because of Windows — they buy a device that can help them to do what they want to do. Most consumers aren't enthusiasts for particular operating systems: few seem to complain that their tablets don't run Windows, after all. They've historically bought Windows PCs because, until now, that was pretty much the only option. The positive experience they've had with Android tablets might make them more willing to try it out on the desktop.

If Android PCs become popular with consumers, they will start appearing in the office, too.

Microsoft has tried to address the Android threat with Windows RT (with little succces so far) but it still has time to do better.

Even if consumers are seduced by Androids tablets and Chromebooks, Microsoft's core business customers will likely resist for a long time: most companies are too heavily invested in Microsoft throughout their infrastructure to make significant changes any time soon.

As such, the threat to Windows is one that could take as long as a decade to have a significant impact in the enterprise at least. In that time expect Windows to evolve significantly to do battle with the Android threat to its heartland.

But in the longer term which operating system is dominant on the desktop may be something of an irrelevance.

It's hard to see how PC sales will ever bounce back again; its time as the leading computer format is over. Consumers are much more comfortable with tablet-shaped devices: you can see this in the home, where the communal PC is still there to be used when needed but day-to-day people will use their own smartphones and tablets.

Is it really a huge stretch to see the same thing happening in the office? Could the PC ever become a bit like the workstation (or less charitably the photocopier, or the fax)? That is, something you need to have around the place — but not on every desk?

ZDNet's Monday Morning Opener is our opening salvo for the week in tech. As a global site, this editorial publishes on Monday at 8am AEST in Sydney, Australia, which is 6pm Eastern Time on Sunday in the US. It is written by a member of ZDNet's global editorial board, which is comprised of our lead editors across Asia, Australia, Europe, and the US.

Read more of ZDNet's Monday Morning Openers
Android desktops arrive as Lenovo eyes your living room
2014 in preview: A look at upcoming tech trends
2013 in review: The big themes
Asia's e-commerce sites can outsell Amazon
The chilling effect: Snowden, the NSA, and IT security
Smartwatches aren't the next big thing. The next big thing is already here
Topics: Windows, Android, Consumerization, Emerging Tech, Operating Systems, Tablets, PCs

About Steve Ranger

Steve Ranger is the UK editor-in-chief of ZDNet and TechRepublic, and has been writing about technology, business and culture for more than a decade. Previously he was the editor of silicon.com.

.END

Jagular vein selfie 04 on FaceBook






















Jagular vein selfie 04 on FaceBook

.ED

Jugular venous pressure - From Wikipedia


Jugular venous pressure - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A man with congestive heart failure and marked jugular venous distention. External jugular vein marked by an arrow.

The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections and two downward deflections have been described.

The upward deflections are the "a" (atrial contraction), "c" (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and "v" = atrial venous filling.

The downward deflections of the wave are the "x" (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the "y" descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

.END

2014-01-11

Youtube and Premiere file formats


Supported YouTube file formats

.MOV
.MPEG4 
.AVI
.WMV
.MPEGPS
.FLV
3GPP
WebM


Adobe Premiere Elements - Video file formats (export)

3GPP (.3gp, .3g2)
Adobe Flash (.flv), Adobe Flash Video (.f4v)
Audio Video Interleave (.avi) - Windows only
H.264 (.mp4) 
H.264-encoded QuickTime (.mov, .mp4)
MPEG-1 (.mpeg)
MPEG-2 (.mpg)
MPEG-2 Transport Stream (.m2t)
QuickTime (.mov)
Video Object (DVD video) (.vob)
Windows Media (.wmv)  - Windows only

.END

Ultrasonography of the Thyroid study notes


Ultrasonography of the Thyroid - Manfred Blum February 28, 2012

http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/ultrasonography-of-the-thyroid/

http://www.thyroidmanager.org/wp-content/uploads/chapters/ultrasonography-of-the-thyroid.pdf

Authors

Manfred Blum, M.D.Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Director Thyroid Unit, New York University School of Medicine

INTRODUCTION

Ultrasonography (US) is the most common and most useful way to image the thyroid gland and its pathology, as recognized in guidelines for managing thyroid disorders published by the American thyroid Association (1) and other authoritative bodies.

In addition to facilitating the diagnosis of clinically apparent nodules, the widespread use of US has resulted in uncovering a multitude of clinically unapparent thyroid nodules, the overwhelming majority of which are benign. The high sensitivity for nodules but poor specificity for cancer has posed a management and economic problem. This chapter will address the method and utility of clinically-effective thyroid US to assess the likelihood of cancer, to enhance fine needle aspiration biopsy and cytology (FNA), to facilitate other thyroid diagnoses, and to teach thyroidology.

Previously, imaging of the thyroid required scintiscanning to provide a map of those areas of the thyroid that accumulate and process radioactive iodine. The major premise of thyroid scanning was that thyroid cancers concentrate less radioactive iodine than healthy tissue. Although, scintiscanning remains of primary importance in patients who are hyperthyroid or for detection of iodine-avid tissue after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, US has largely replaced it for the majority of patients who require a graphic representation of the regional anatomy because of its higher resolution, superior correlation of true thyroid dimensions with the image, smaller expense, greater simplicity, and lack of need for radioisotope administration. The other imaging methods, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are more costly than US, are not as efficient in detecting small lesions, and are best used selectively when US is inadequate to elucidate a clinical problem (2-3).

As with any test, US should be used to refine a differential diagnosis only when it is needed to answer a specific diagnostic question that has been raised by the clinical history and physical examination (4). The image must then be integrated into patient management and correlated precisely with the other data. A technique has been reported that helps the clinician to interpret thyroid scintigrams of goiters and functioning nodules by assembling scintiscans and US side-by-side as one composite image (2).

Although sonography can supply very important and clinically useful clues about the nature of a thyroid lesion, it does not reliably differentiate benign lesions and cancer. However, it can help significantly. US can:

Depict accurately the anatomy of the neck in thyroid region,

Help the student and clinician to learn thyroid palpation,

Elucidate cryptic findings on physical examination,

Assess the comparative size of nodules, lymph nodes, or goiters in patients who are under observation or therapy,

Detect a non-palpable thyroid lesion in a patient who was exposed to therapeutic irradiation,

Give very important and clinically useful clues about the likelihood of malignancy,

Identify the solid component of a complex nodule,

Facilitate fine needle aspiration biopsy of a nodule,

Evaluate for recurrence of a thyroid mass after surgery,

Monitor thyroid cancer patients for early evidence of reappearance of malignancy in the thyroid bed or lymphadenopathy,

Identify patients who have ultrasonic thyroid patterns that suggest diagnoses such as thyroiditis.

Refine the management of patients on therapy such as antithyroid drugs,

Facilitate delivery of medication or physical high-energy therapy precisely into a lesion and spare the surrounding tissue,

Monitor in-utero the fetal thyroid for size, ultrasonic texture, and vascularity,

Scrutinize the neonatal thyroid for size and location,

Screen the thyroid during epidemiologic investigation in the countryside.


TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Sonography depicts the internal structure of the thyroid gland and the regional anatomy and pathology without using ionizing radiation or iodine containing contrast medium (5-6). Rather, high frequency sound waves in the megahertz range (ultrasound), are used to produce an image.

The procedure is safe, does not cause damage to tissue and is less costly than any other imaging procedure. The patient remains comfortable during the test, which takes only a few minutes, does not require discontinuation of any medication, or preparation of the patient.

The procedure is usually done with the patient reclining with the neck hyperextended but it can be done in the seated position.

A probe that contains a piezoelectric crystal called a transducer is applied to the neck but since air does not transmit ultrasound, it must be coupled to the skin with a liquid medium such a gel. This instrument rapidly alternates as the generator of the ultrasound and the receiver of the signal that has been reflected by internal tissues. The signal is organized electronically into numerous shades of gray and is processed electronically to produce an image instantaneously (real-time). Although each image is a static picture, rapid sequential frames are processed electronically to depict motion. Two-dimensional images have been standard and 3-dimentional images are an improvement in certain circumstances (7). There is considerable potential for improving ultrasound images of the thyroid by using ultrasound contrast agents. These experimental materials include gas-filled micro-bubbles with a mean diameter less than that of a red blood corpuscle and Levovist, an agent consisting of granules that are composed of 99.9% galactose and 0.1% palmitic acid. They are injected intravenously, enhance the echogenicity of the blood, and increase the signal to noise ratio (8-9).

Dynamic information such as blood flow can be added to the signal by employing a physics principle called the Doppler effect, which is that the frequency of a sound wave increases when it approaches a listener (the ear or, in the case of ultrasonography, a transducer) and decreases as it departs. The Doppler signals, which are superimposed on real time gray scale images, are extremely bright in black and white images and may be color coded to reveal the velocity (frequency shift) and direction of blood flow (phase shift) as well as the degree of vascularity of an organ (10-11). Flow in one direction is made red and in the opposite direction, blue. The shade and intensity of color can correlate with the velocity of flow. Thus, in general terms, venous and arterial flow can be depicted by assuming that flow in these two kinds of blood vessels is parallel, but in opposite directions. Since portions of blood vessels may be tortuous, modifying orientation to the probe, different colors are displayed within the same blood vessel even if the true direction of blood flow has not changed. Thus, an analysis of flow characteristics requires careful observations and cautious interpretations. The absence of flow in a fluid-filled structure can differentiate a cystic structure and a blood vessel.

Blood flow within anatomic structures can also be depicted by non-Doppler technology that is called B-flow ultrasonic imaging (BFI). This is accomplished by transmitting precisely separated adjacent ultrasound beams and computer-analyzing the reflected echo pairs (12).

The ultrasound is treated differently by the various anatomic features and different kinds of tissues (2, 5). The air-filled trachea does not transmit the ultrasound. Calcified tissues such as bone and sometimes cartilage and calcific deposits in other anatomic structures block the passage of ultrasound resulting in a very bright signal and a linear echo-free shadow distally. Most tissues transmit the ultrasound to varying degrees and interfaces between tissues reflect portions of the sound waves. Fluid-filled structures have a uniform echo-free appearance whereas fleshy structures and organs have a ground glass appearance that may be uniform or heterogeneous depending on the characteristics of the structure.

The depth penetration and resolving power of ultrasound depends greatly on frequency (6). Depth penetration is inversely related and spatial resolution is directly related to the frequency of the ultrasound. For thyroid, a frequency of 7.5 to 10 or 14 megahertz is generally optimal for all but the largest goiters. Using these frequencies, nodules as small as two to three millimeters can be identified.

Routine protocols for sonography are not adequate. Although some technologists become extremely proficient after specific training and experience, supervision and participation by a knowledgeable and interested physician-sonographer is usually required to obtain a precise and pertinent answer to a specific problem that has been posed by the clinician. Standard sonographic reports may provide considerable information about the anatomy, but are suboptimal unless the specific clinical concern is explored and answered. Indeed, because some radiologists cannot address the clinical issue adequately, and for convenience, numerous thyroidologists and a few surgeons perform their own ultrasound examinations, in which case it is essential that they have state-of-the-art equipment (that might not be cost-effective) and that they are willing to expend a considerable amount of time for a complete study. Technical ingenuity, electronic enhancements such as Doppler capability, and even artistry are frequently required. Special maneuvers, various degrees of hyperextension of the neck, swallowing to the facilitate elevation of the lower portions of the thyroid gland above the clavicles, swallowing water to identify the esophagus, and a Valsalva maneuver to distend the jugular veins may enhance the value of the images. Nevertheless, sonography is rather difficult to interpret in the upper portion in of the jugular region and in the areas adjacent to the trachea. Sonography is generally not useful below the clavicles.

It is informative for orientation to survey the entire thyroid gland with a low-energy transducer before proceeding to 10-14 megahertz equipment to delineate the fine anatomy. Protocols have been devised to assemble a montage of images to encompass an unusually large lobe or goiter. For an overview, panoramic ultrasound, which is a variation of conventional ultrasound has been reported to produce images with a large anatomic field of view, displaying both lobes of the thyroid gland on a single image (13).

There may be considerable differences between sonologists in estimating the size of large goiters or nodules. One investigation has reported that curved-array transducers may avoid significant inter-observer variation that may occur when linear-array equipment is employed, especially when the gland is very large(14). The inter-observer variation may be almost 50% among experienced ultrasonographers for the determination of the volume of thyroid nodules, because it is difficult to reproduce a two-dimensional image plane for multiple studies (15). Accuracy in volume estimation becomes most important when one uses ultrasound measurements to calculate an isotope dose or to compare changes over time in the size of a nodule or a goiter. Using planimetry from three-dimensional images reportedly has lower intra-observer variability (3.4%) and higher repeatability (96.5%) than the standard ellipsoid model for nodules and lobes, with 14.4% variability and 84.8% repeatability (p < 0.001) (16).

There may be imperfect concordance between the ultrasonic dimensions of large thyroid nodules compared with surgical excision (17).

SONOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL THYROID AND ITS REGION

The anterior neck is depicted rather well with standard gray scale sonography. (FIGURE 1) The thyroid gland is slightly more echo-dense than the adjacent structures because of its iodine content. It has a homogenous ground glass appearance. Each lobe has a smooth globular-shaped contour and is no more than 3 – 4 centimeters in height, 1 – 1.5 cm in width, and 1 centimeter in depth. The isthmus is identified, anterior to the trachea as a uniform structure that is approximately 0.5 cm in height and 2 – 3 mm in depth. The pyramidal lobe is not seen unless it is significantly enlarged. In the female, the upper pole of each thyroid lobe may be seen at the level of the thyroid cartilage, lower in the male. The surrounding muscles are of lower echogenicity than the thyroid and tissue planes between muscles are usually identifiable. The air-filled trachea does not transmit the ultrasound and only the anterior portion of the cartilaginous rings is represented by dense, bright echoes. The carotid artery and other blood vessels are echo-free unless they are calcified. The jugular vein is usually in a collapsed condition and it distends with a Valsalva maneuver. There are frequently 1-2 mm echo-free zones on the surface and within the thyroid gland that represent blood vessels. The vascular nature of all of these echo-less areas can be demonstrated by color Doppler imaging to differentiate them from cystic structures (10-11). Lymph nodes may be observed and nerves are generally not seen. The parathyroid glands are observed only when they are enlarged and are less dense ultrasonically than thyroid tissue because of the absence of iodine. The esophagus may be demonstrated behind the medial part of the left thyroid lobe, especially if a sip of water distends it. (FIGURE 2)

Figure 1. Sonogram of the neck in the transverse plane showing a normal right thyroid lobe and isthmus. L=small thyroid lobe in a patient who is taking suppressive amounts of L-thyroxine, I=isthmus, T=tracheal ring ( dense white arc is calcification, distal to it is artefact), C=carotid artery ( note the enhanced echoes deep to the fluid-filled blood vessel), J=jugular vein, S=Sternocleidomastoid muscle, m=strap muscle.

Figure 2. Sonogram of the left lobe of the thyroid gland in the transverse plane showing a rounded lobe of a goiter. L=enlarged lobe, I= widened isthmus, T=trachea, C=carotid artery ( note the enhanced echoes deep to the fluid-filled blood vessel), J=jugular vein, S=Sternocleidomastoid muscle, m=strap muscles, E=esophagus.

GENERAL THOUGHTS ABOUT SONOGRAPHY

Thyroid US may play a useful role in the management of patients even when the thyroid examination is normal but it is debatable if the procedure is cost-effective as a screening test (1). Many thyroidologists/endocrinologists advocate routine use of US at the time of physical examination to discover subclinical, nonpalpable thyroid abnormalities, which will be discussed presently, and to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of palpation. This practice is called “point of service” US.

Whether US is performed at the point of service or in an US laboratory by ultrasonographers/radiologists, it is important to employ thyroid sonography selectively to supplement or confirm a physical examination especially when clinical perception is confused by obesity, great muscularity, distortion by abnormal adjacent structures, tortuous regional blood vessels, a prominent thyroid cartilage, metastatic tumor, lymphadenopathy, or prior surgery.

In practice, US may be used to supplement an examination when there is uncertainty about the palpation. However, US is time-consuming and the accumulated data of its utility, which are discussed below, were obtained with state of the art equipment by experts. It is important to comprehend that the optimal clinical value of US depends on the quality of the examination, including the maturity of the examiner and the characteristics of the equipment. Grossly misleading results may occur with quick, incomplete studies and unsophisticated machines or substandard readouts. Therefore, routine sonography in a medical office or clinic or in a laboratory by an incompletely trained general radiologist will require proper professional preparation. Without study, training, and practice, there are likely to be unacceptable results, adverse outcomes, and negative publicity. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of US as screening or in sub-optimal conditions has yet to be critically examined.

In the academic situation, sonography is useful to teach palpation of the thyroid gland.

There are claims that US can offer insights into thyroid function. For instance, among 4649 randomly selected adult subjects one investigation found that there was correlation between thyroid hypoechogenicity and higher than average levels of serum TSH, even in subjects without overt thyroid disease (18). One group reported TSH elevation in 26 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis when there was a well-defined area of low echogenicity, about 10   mm in diameter, between the lateral margin of one or both thyroid lobes, the medial wall of the carotid artery, and, posteriorly, the pre-vertebral muscles. Euthyroid patients (71) with thyroiditis and controls (154) did not demonstrate a hypoechoic triangle (18A). In contrast, how accurately does a normal thyroid sonogram predict normal thyroid function? In one study of normal-appearing US, TSH was normal 41/48 (85.4%) but was elevated in 7 subjects (14.6%) (p<0.001) and anti-thyroid antibodies were detected in 5 patients (10.4%)(19). Therefore, a normal sonogram does not preclude hypothyroidism or Hashimoto ’ s thyroiditis.

...

.END

Thyroid selfie























Thyroid selfie

.END

Ultrasound Physics & Knobology learning notes









Ultrasound Physics & Knobology by u.surgery on Nov 21, 2009

http://www.slideshare.net/u.surgery/ultrasound-physics-knobology

.END